POSTPOLIO SYNDROME LITAFF ASSOCIATION A.C

Post Polio is a condition that affects up to 8% of persons who survive paralytic polio; can develop as late as, 30, 40 years after the initial recovery; symptoms vary from mild weakness to severe fatigue and disability .

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Jan 31, 2017

Legal Dispute Continues Over Medicare Coverage Of Physical Therapy


Physical therapy may not help a person with a progressive chronic disease become well, but it can help slow a decline.
Hero Images/Getty Images
Four years after Medicare officials agreed in a landmark court settlement that seniors can't be denied coverage for physical therapy and other skilled care simply because their condition isn't improving, patients are still being turned away.
As a result, federal officials and Medicare advocates have renewed their federal court battle, acknowledging that they cannot agree on a way to fix the problem. Earlier this month, each submitted ideas to the judge, who will decide — possibly within the next few months — what measures should be taken.
Several organizations report that the government's initial education campaign following the settlement has failed. Many seniors have only been able to get coverage once their condition worsened. But once it improved, treatment would stop — until the people got worse and were eligible again for coverage.
Every year thousands of Medicare patients receive physical therapy and other treatment to recover from a fall or medical procedure, as well as to help cope with disabilities or chronic conditions including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases, stroke and spinal cord or brain injuries. Although the settlement removes the necessity to show an improving health condition, it doesn't affect other criteria and limitations on Medicare coverage.
Disabled Vermont Woman Who Led Class-Action Suit Sues Medicare Again

SHOTS - HEALTH NEWS 

Disabled Vermont Woman Who Led Class-Action Suit Sues Medicare Again

"We still regularly get calls from people who are told they are being denied coverage," said Peter Schmidt at the National Parkinson Foundation, based in Miami. Denials sometimes occur because physical therapy providers use a billing code that still requires the patient to show improvement. Although Parkinson's is a degenerative brain disease, Schmidt said physical therapy and exercise can help slow its progress. 
The agreement, approved in 2013, settled a class-action lawsuit against the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services filed by Center for Medicare Advocacy and Vermont Legal Aid on behalf of five Medicare beneficiaries, including Glenda Jimmo, and six nationwide patient organizations. Coverage doesn't depend on the "potential for improvement from the therapy but rather on the beneficiary's need for skilled care," the Jimmo settlement said.
In August, U.S. District Court Chief Judge Christina Reiss in Vermont ordered the government to work with the beneficiaries' attorneys to strengthen its education campaign about the policy aimed at companies that process bill, claims reviewers, providers, appeals judges, people who staff the 800-MEDICARE help line and others. (Beneficiaries, however, weren't included.) After working during the fall, both sides acknowledged this month they could not reach a compromise on the best path for getting the message out.
"There was a long-standing kind of mythical policy that Medicare contractors put into place that said Medicare only pays for services if the patient could progress," said Roshunda Drummond-Dye, director of regulatory affairs for the American Physical Therapy Association. "It takes extensive effort to erase that."
Medicare Concedes, Agrees To Pay For Woman's Home Health Care  Oct. 30, 2014
Medicare's proposals include such educational effortsand a special webpage with "frequently asked questions" spelling out the proper procedures for handling claims. The government would also issue a clear statement confirming that Medicare covers physical, speech and occupational therapy along with skilled care at home, and in other settings, even if the patient has "reached a plateau" — a term seniors still hear — and isn't improving.
Attorneys for the seniors want to monitor how Medicare officials implement these new measures and have offered to write the policy statement disavowing what's known as the "improvement standard." They also want the government to repeat its 2013 conference call with providers, contractors and others involved in the process in order to correct mistakes, according to papers filed with the court Jan. 13.
"The major problem for us is that they do not want the plaintiff's counsel to have any say or involvement in what they do," said Gill DeFord, litigation director at the Center for Medicare Advocacy in Connecticut. "We think that's exactly the reason the educational campaign was so riddled with inaccuracies in the first place."
But in its filing, the government said, "The Plaintiffs' plan seeks to address perceived deficiencies that were specifically not guaranteed under the [settlement] Agreement." It added accepting the advocates' plan "would also grant their counsel undue control in developing CMS educational materials and an outsize role in CMS's corrective action efforts."
A Medicare spokesman declined to comment under agency protocol because the case is still pending.
The settlement affects care provided by a trained professional in a patient's home, nursing home or the provider's private office that is medically necessary to maintain the patient's condition and prevent deterioration.
Kaiser Health News is an editorially independent news service that is part of the nonpartisan Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. You can follow Susan Jaffe on Twitter: @susanjaffe.

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Polio, postpolio, vacunas, erradicación, HEALTH, Medicare Coverage Of Physical Therapy

Trump will have a hard time pushing drug prices down

Rick Newman
Columnist
Yahoo Finance
Here’s the template for President Donald Trump’s tussles with manufacturers: First, he declares something about their operations outrageous and demands change on behalf of the American people. Then he threatens to punish the manufacturers. A meeting with prominent CEOs ensues, followed by assurances that everybody got along great. The final act is some kind of concession by the manufacturers that allows Trump to declare victory and move on to the next target.
This is how it went with the appliance manufacturer Carrier (UTX), and then with automakers including Ford (F) and General Motors (GM). Trump threatened to punish such firms for moving jobs outside the country, and the firms responded with pledges to save or create more American jobs.
But the template may not hold for Trump’s latest target, the nation’s biggest drugmakers. Trump has called drug prices “astronomical” and said drug companies are “getting away with murder.” Many Americans undoubtedly agree, since drug prices have been rising by much more than inflation for years. After a meeting with CEOs of drug firms including Merck (MRK), Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), Eli Lilly (LLY) and Amgen (AMGN), Trump followed the script, striking a friendly tone while insisting, “We have to get drug prices down. We have no choice.” He promised to do his part by cutting regulations on drugmakers and fostering a more favorable business climate.
But Trump has limited ability to force drug prices down, and drugmakers have considerable leverage in Washington and in state capitals. Whatever victory Trump declares is likely to be shallow and fleeting.
The surest way to clamp down on drug prices would be to allow Medicare, the nation’s single-biggest purchaser of drugs, to negotiate prices with providers. But federal law prevents that and prospects of Congress changing that with new legislation seem remote. Vermont Democratic Sen. Bernie Sanders says he’ll introduce legislation this year that would allow just that, but such efforts have gone nowhere before. Neither have efforts to allow the importation of cheap drugs from Canada or other countries where prices are far lower. Big Pharma has powerful lobbyists in Washington, with campaign cash spread among hundreds of lawmakers of both parties to make sure its interests and profits are protected.
Some states are considering price caps, which would mainly apply to drugs purchased through Medicaid, which is funded by state and federal money. But that wouldn’t affect people covered on private-sector plans, and might even push up prices for drugs not subject to price caps, to compensate for lost revenue.
More competition usually helps lower prices, and this is one thing Trump points to as a cure for soaring healthcare costs in general. Maybe. But there’s little or no competition for some patent-protected drugs, which are usually the most expensive. And even some generic or off-patent drugs soar in price when drugmakers find clever ways to corner a market. That’s what led to big controversies recently involving Mylan’s Epipen and two heart drugs sold by Valeant. And if more drugs are made in the United States, at higher US labor costs, it will put upward pressure on prices as well, just as it would with electronics or automobiles.
Pharmaceutical executives say reforms involving faster approval for new drugs and better pricing models would help control prices. Bob Hugin, executive chairman at Celgene (CELG), recently told Yahoo Finance that “value-based pricing” based on a drug’s actual effectiveness—rather than a list price—would serve patients better. Some such reforms might be included in whatever Trump has in mind to replace the Affordable Care Act, which Congress is likely to repeal this year. But Big Pharma enjoys tremendous pricing advantages that aren’t likely to disappear. On this one, Trump has chosen an imposing adversary.
Newman tip line: rickjnewman@yahoo.com

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Jan 30, 2017

Over 5.6 million children to be vaccinated against polio during large-scale vaccination campaign


Afghanistan


photo_polio_snidA child receives 2 drops of the oral polio vaccine (OPV). Photo: WHO/S.RamoKabul 30 January 2017 – The Ministry of Public Health, WHO and UNICEF launched today the first polio subnational immunization days campaign of 2017. Over 5.6 million children will be vaccinated against polio in all provinces in the southern and south-eastern regions, most districts in the eastern region, as well as selected high-risk districts across the country, including Kabul city.
“The campaign will build on strong progress seen in 2016. Last year Afghanistan had only 13 cases of polio nationwide, down from 20 in 2015. This was made possible through hard work by thousands of frontline health workers and a renewed emphasis on monitoring and oversight,” said Dr Maiwand Ahmadzai, Director of the National Emergency Operations Centre for Polio Eradication at the Ministry of Public Health, speaking at a joint press conference held in Kabul.
This week’s campaign is carried out by over 31 000 trained polio workers and it runs until 3 February when vaccinators revisit children who were missed when the vaccinators first visited. These vaccinators and other polio workers are trusted members of the community and they have been chosen because they care about children.
“We have seen significant progress in our polio eradication efforts over the past year. Most of Afghanistan is now polio-free, the circulation of the poliovirus is restricted to small areas in the eastern, southern and southeastern parts of the country and we have seen huge improvements in vaccination campaign quality,” said Dr Hemant Shukla, director of the polio programme at WHO. “Our focus is now on reaching every single child during every vaccination campaign to stop the transmission of polio.”
“With our collective efforts, we will be able to eradicate polio from the world. Vaccines are the right of every child and no child should be missed during polio campaigns,” said Ms Melissa Corkum, UNICEF Polio director in Afghanistan. “Thousands of frontline workers visit every house in the country during campaigns. That’s not an easy task. Due to the hard work of these dedicated frontline workers, we are closer to polio eradication than ever.”
In 2016, new initiatives have been implemented to strengthen the polio eradication programme in Afghanistan. All polio eradication activities have been brought under one leadership as Emergency Operations Centres have been established at the national and subnational level. The surveillance system has been strengthened and the circulation of wild poliovirus is unlikely to be missed in Afghanistan. The quality of campaigns, routine immunization and rapid response to polio cases have improved tremendously over the past year.
In 2016, 13 polio cases were registered: 7 cases in Paktika, 4 cases in Kunar, one case in Kandahar and one in Helmand province. Afghanistan remains one of 3 polio-endemic countries together with Pakistan and Nigeria.
From

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By Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh, WHO Regional Director for South-East Asia


On the sixth anniversary of the last case of wild poliovirus in the South-East Asia Region, World Health Organization commends countries in the Region for their continued efforts to protect children against this crippling virus and maintain the Region’s polio-free status, despite challenging conditions.
Poliovirus  Image/CDC
Poliovirus Image/CDC
Amid a global shortage of injectable inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region are opting to use fractional doses of IPV, an evidence-based intervention that not only ensures continued protection of children against all types of polioviruses, but also helps save vaccine – a move bound to positively impact global vaccine supply in the coming years.
India became the first country globally to introduce fractional doses of IPV in childhood immunization programme in eight of its 36 states / union territories in early 2016. The initiative is now being scaled up nationwide. Sri Lanka followed suit in July 2016. Bangladesh has decided to introduce fractional IPV doses this year. Other countries in the Region are also considering a shift to the use of fractional IPV doses in their immunization schedule.
Studies have confirmed that two fractional doses (one fractional dose is one-fifth of a full dose) of IPV, given twice to infants – first at the age of six weeks and then at 14 weeks – provide the same protection against all polioviruses as does one full dose of IPV.
By using fractional IPV, countries are saving vaccine and vaccine cost, without compromising on the protection that the vaccine provides to children against polio.
Since polio-free certification on 27 March 2014, all countries in WHO South-East Asia Region have been working towards timely implementation of the global polio end game strategy to achieve a polio-free world.
South-East Asia was the first WHO Region to complete the polio vaccine switch from the traditionally used trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) to the bivalent vaccine (bOPV) to prevent any paralysis caused by type 2 poliovirus strain in tOPV.
As a part of the global polio endgame strategy, countries in the Region have introduced IPV to supplement the oral polio vaccine (OPV), and ensure protection against all types of polioviruses, while the programme globally strives towards stopping poliovirus transmission and cessation of OPV use.
The date – 13 January – the last time that wild poliovirus crippled a child in WHO South-East Asia Region in the year 2011, should be a reminder to all countries of the continued need to reach every child with polio vaccines and to strengthen disease surveillance so that poliovirus does not return to cripple children in our Region.


    From http://outbreaknewstoday.com
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    5 Vaccine preventable diseases in the US: Then and now


    There is likely no bigger accomplishment in medicine and public health that has saved so many lives and prevented so much misery over the decades as the introduction of vaccines.
    The World Health Organization (WHO) defines vaccine as follows: a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and “remember” it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
    Below are five communicable diseases that were once rampant in the United States until the introduction of a vaccine against that particular disease. Let’s look at these five diseases–then and now.
    1. Measles
    The first measles vaccine was licensed for use in the US in 1963. An average of 549,000 measles cases and 495 measles deaths were reported annually in the decade prior to the live measles vaccine.
    Measles rash Image/CDC
    Measles rash
    Image/CDC
    In 1989, a second-dose vaccination schedule was recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP).
    By 2000, endemic measles was declared “eliminated” from the United States.
    According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from 2001-2011, 911 measles cases were reported. The median number of measles cases reported per year was 62 (range: 37-220 cases/year).
    The majority of measles cases were unvaccinated (65%) or had unknown vaccination status (20%). Of the 911 reported measles cases, 372 (40%) were importations (on average 34 importations/year), 239 (26%) were epidemiologically linked to these importations, 190 (21%) either had virologic evidence of importation or had been linked to those cases with virologic evidence of importation, and 110 (12%) had unknown source.
    The first 11 months of 2014 saw 610 measles cases in 24 states. The federal health agency notes that the majority of the people who got measles are unvaccinated and travelers continue to import measles into the country.
    2. Pertussis
    Before pertussis vaccines became widely available in the 1940s, about 200,000 children got sick with it each year in the US and about 9,000 died as a result of the infection. Now we see about 10,000–40,000 cases reported each year and unfortunately about 10–20 deaths, according to CDC numbers.
    Since the early 1980s, there has been an overall trend of an increase in reported pertussis cases. Pertussis is naturally cyclic in nature, with peaks in disease every 3-5 years. But for the past 20-30 years, we’ve seen the peaks getting higher and overall case counts going up.
    Waning immunity of the pertussis vaccine is a main reason for this phenomenon. The CDC explains:
    When it comes to waning immunity, it seems that the acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) we use now may not protect for as long as the whole cell vaccine (DTP) we used to use. Throughout the 1990s, the US switched from using DTP to using DTaP for infants and children. Whole cell vaccines are associated with higher rates of minor and temporary side effects such as fever and pain and swelling at the injection site. Rare but serious neurologic adverse reactions including chronic neurological problems rarely occurred among children who had recently received whole cell vaccines. While studies have had inconsistent results that the vaccine could cause chronic neurological problems, public concern in the US and other countries led to a concerted effort to develop a vaccine with improved safety. Due to these concerns, along with the availability of a safe and effective acellular vaccine, the US switched to acellular pertussis vaccines.
    3. Diphtheria
    The horrible disease, diphtheria, was once a major cause of illness and death in children.
    The U.S. recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921, resulting in 15,520 deaths. Before there was treatment (diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics) for diphtheria, up to half of the people who got the disease died from it.
    In the past decade, there were less than five cases of diphtheria in the U.S. reported to CDC. However, since the disease is still seen in many countries around the world, maintaining vaccination status is key when traveling abroad (for diphtheria and other vaccine preventable diseases).
    4. Polio 
    Polio is a disease that struck fear into the hearts of Americans just more than a half-century ago. Images of children in an “iron lung” or those with horrible defomities was enough to scare any parent.
    Iron lung/CDC
    Iron lung/CDC
    Polio also affected many famous Americans including actor Alan Alda, “Tarzan” Johnny Weissmuller and of course, former US President Franklin D Roosevelt.
    Author and professor Gareth Williams writes in his book, Paralyzed with Fear, In 1949, the US Surgeon General, Leonard Scheele warned that this would be the nation’s worst year yet for polio and that the future looked even grimmer. He was right on both counts: 1949 saw 42,000 Americans paralyzed and 2,700 deaths from polio, rising in 1952 to 58,000 paralyzed and 3,000 fatalities.
    Following introduction of vaccines—specifically, trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in 1955 and trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in 1963—the number of polio cases fell rapidly to less than 100 in the 1960s and fewer than 10 in the 1970s, according to the CDC.
    Polio has been eliminated from the United States thanks to widespread polio vaccination in this country. This means that there is no year-round transmission of poliovirus in the United States. Since 1979 no cases of polio have originated in the United States.
    5. Mumps
    Before the U.S. mumps vaccination program started in 1967, about 186,000 cases were reported each year. That has decreased some 99% since the introduction of vaccines. From January 1 to November 29, 2014, 1,078 people in the United States have been reported to have mumps.
    Despite the incredible numbers and success due to mumps vaccination, the CDC does acknowledge it’s shortcomings: Although the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is very effective, protection against mumps is not complete. Two doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine are 88% effective at protecting against mumps; one dose is 78% effective.
    The numbers are remarkable and really speak for itself.
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    Polio, postpolio, vacunas, erradicación, diphtheria, health Polio, Measles, Mumps, Vaccines

    Polio is about to become the second-ever human disease to be eradicated –




     Efforts are underway to ensure it will stay eradicated



    Smallpox is so far the only human infectious disease to have
     been eradicated from the world. With eradication, smallpox virus was consolidated into a limited number of biomedical facilities. In 1978, an accident in a biomedical research laboratory in Birmingham, United Kingdom, resulted in the inadvertent release of smallpox virus, two persons developing disease, and one of them dying of the disease despite having been vaccinated as a child. This triggered countries to further reduce the number of facilities retaining smallpox virus to the two official repositories of today.
    The world is on the brink of another eradication: that of polio – the second human disease to be eradicated in history.
    WHO Headquarters
    Polio can be caused by infection with any one of three different types of poliovirus. One of these types, wild poliovirus type 2, has officially been declared eradicated by an independent commission in September of this year. While wild poliovirus type 2 has been eradicated and is no longer circulating in the human population, it continues to exist in a number of laboratories and vaccine manufacturing facilities around the world.

    Why retain virus?

    Retaining polioviruses in certain settings is critical. For one, the virus is needed to make vaccines that will continue to be given to children as part of immunization programmes in countries worldwide. And as importantly, poliovirus is critical for medical research, for example, showing encouraging potential for developing treatment against cancer. This and other crucial research work will need to continue under safe and secure conditions.

    Safely retaining virus

    Facilities retaining polioviruses must thus ensure that these viruses are not released back into the community or the environment, to again cause paralysis or death.
    This involves identifying which facilities hold polioviruses, knowingly or unknowingly. Only those facilities where poliovirus is needed to serve critical national and international functions, such as vaccine production and indispensable research, should be allowed to hold polioviruses.  These laboratories and facilities should be named by their hosting countries as poliovirus-essential facilities (PEFs), if they demonstrate to take appropriate measures to handle and store poliovirus safely and securely in a defined space – this is called containment.  All other polioviruses that are not needed for these critical functions should be properly destroyed.
    It is urgent to ensure the appropriate containment of the eradicated poliovirus type 2. The ultimate goal, however, is to contain all polioviruses in poliovirus-essential facilities as soon as the other two poliovirus types (1 and 3) are also declared eradicated.

    Call to action

    All countries are being called to action. They should implement the measures that are outlined in the WHO global action plan for containing polioviruses. The ministries of health of all 194 WHO Member States endorsed this plan in May 2015 and committed to its implementation, which can only be completed through the full engagement of each and every stakeholder.
    Now that poliovirus type 2 has been certified as eradicated, this virus type will only exist in laboratories and facilities that are designated and meet the certified level of containment. These laboratories and facilities, and their hosting countries, hold the critical responsibility of making sure that no poliovirus type 2 is ever released into communities. This is the only way to truly ensure that no child will ever again, for all future generations to come, become paralysed by or die from this terrible disease.

    New expert groups

    To support this work, WHO is establishing two new groups:  the Containment Working Group (CWG) and the Containment Advisory Group (CAG).
    The CWG, under the Global Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication (GCC), will review the national containment certification of poliovirus-essential facilities (PEFs) and make recommendations to the GCC.
    The CAG will make recommendations on technical issues associated with GAPIII.
    The call for nominations for the CWG is now open.  Applications for CAG membership will open shortly.
    WHO Call for Nominations for the CWG





























































































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    Romania: Anti-vaxxer movement results in huge measles surge in 2016



    Romania saw 15 measles cases in 2015. Since 2016, this number has blown-up to 2,165, including 13 fatalities. This is largely due to bogus claims from anti-vaccination campaigns in the country, according to a La Vanguardia report (computer translated).
    Image/TDH
    Image/TDH
    President of the Romanian Society of Microbiology, Alexandru Rafila directly points the finger at the anti-vaxx movement and says, “Incorrect information, often tendentious, not based on scientific methods or real data should end so that they do not affect the health of our children”.
    Mercury in vaccines, vaccines introduce foreign elements and vaccines cause asthma are some of the arguments made by the anti-vaccination movement.
    This misinformation has resulted in vaccination rates in the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine falling from 95% of children in 2013 to 80% in 2016, and it continues to drop.
    Campaigns led by the Christian Orthodox Pro Vita Federation, author of the 2012 book “Vaccines: Prevention or Illness” Christei Todea-Gross and the Coalition for the Family have spread the anti-vaccination message through a number of outlets.
    The Ministry of Health has been denouncing “the irresponsible campaigns against the vaccination of children” for months; however, there are many parents who do not vaccinate their children for lack of confidence towards the authorities.
    From


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      Eradicating Polio: How the World’s Pediatricians Can Help Stop This Crippling Illness Forever

      Walter A. Orenstein, THE COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES

      The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly supports the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. This plan was endorsed in November 2012 by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization of the World Health Organization and published by the World Health Organization in April 2013. As a key component of the plan, it will be necessary to stop oral polio vaccine (OPV) use globally to achieve eradication, because the attenuated viruses in the vaccine rarely can cause polio. 
      The plan includes procedures for elimination of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs). cVDPVs can proliferate when vaccine viruses are transmitted among susceptible people, resulting in mutations conferring both the neurovirulence and transmissibility characteristics of wild polioviruses. Although there are 3 different types of wild poliovirus strains, the polio eradication effort has already resulted in the global elimination of type 2 poliovirus for more than a decade.
       Type 3 poliovirus may be eliminated because the wild type 3 poliovirus was last detected in 2012. Thus, of the 3 wild types, only wild type 1 poliovirus is still known to be circulating and causing disease. OPV remains the key vaccine for eradicating wild polioviruses in polio-infected countries because it induces high levels of systemic immunity to prevent paralysis and intestinal immunity to reduce transmission. However, OPV is a rare cause of paralysis and the substantial decrease in wild-type disease has resulted in estimates that the vaccine is causing more polio-related paralysis annually in recent years than the wild virus. The new endgame strategic plan calls for stepwise removal of the type 2 poliovirus component from trivalent oral vaccines, because type 2 wild poliovirus appears to have been eradicated (since 1999) and yet is the main cause of cVDPV outbreaks and approximately 40% of vaccine-associated paralytic polio cases. 
      The Endgame and Strategic Plan will be accomplished by shifting from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV (containing types 1 and 3 poliovirus only). It will be necessary to introduce trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into routine immunization programs in all countries using OPV to provide population immunity to type 2 before the switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV. 
      The Global Polio Eradication Initiative hopes to achieve global eradication of polio by 2018 with this strategy, after which all OPV use will be stopped. Challenges expected for adding IPV into routine immunization schedules include higher cost of IPV compared with OPV, cold-chain capacity limits, more complex administration of vaccine because IPV requires injections as opposed to oral administration, and inferior intestinal immunity conferred by IPV. The goal of this report is to help pediatricians understand the change in strategy and outline ways that pediatricians can help global polio eradication efforts, including advocating for the resources needed to accomplish polio eradication and for incorporation of IPV into routine immunization programs in all countries.

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      Polio Film

      http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/polio/

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      • It began with a headache: KC polio survivor is one of last iron lung users in U.S.
        For 36 years, Mona Randolph, 82, has slept six nights per week in a 75-year-old, 700-pound and 6-foot-long iron machine . She couldn'...

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      Polio y Efectos Secundarios SPP
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      No more Polio

      No more Polio

      Dr. Bruno

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      Post-polio Syndrome: More Than Just a Lower Motor Neuron Disease

      Stacey Li Hi Shing ,  Rangariroyashe H. Chipika ,  Eoin Finegan ,  Deirdre Murray ,  Orla Hardiman and  Peter Bede * Computational Neuroi...

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      • Respiratory and Sleep problems in Post-Polio
        Post-polio syndrome   [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Importance Respiratory problems in PPS are an important cause of symptoms and complications, i...
      • Abnormal Movements in Sleep as a Post-Polio Sequelae
                                                                 By: Richard L. Bruno,  Published in: American Journal of Physical Medicine a...
      • The most common brace worn by polio survivors Dr. Richard Bruno
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      • THE CAUSE AND TREATMENT OF POST-POLIO FATIGUE.
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      • Post Polio Syndrome is a condition that affects polio survivor’s years after recovery from an initial acute attack of the poliomyelitis virus.
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        The Lancet Neurology , Volume 9, Issue 6, Pages 634 - 642, June 2010 doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70095-8Cite or Link Using DOI This article c...
      • ‘Jonas Salk: A Life,’ by Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs
        By  DAVID OSHINSKY JUNE 5, 2015 Photo Dr. Jonas Salk in his laboratory, 1954. Credit Jonas Salk Papers, Special Collections an...
      • It began with a headache: KC polio survivor is one of last iron lung users in U.S.
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      Who we are?

      Who we are?

      WHO WE ARE

      WHO WE ARE

      We are a non-profit civil organization legally incorporated in Mexico City, on January 8, 2004. Our main goal is to spread information on Post-Polio Syndrome by all possible means, and to offer help to any person suffering from Poliomyelitis or Post-Polio Syndrome.

      Fortunately, thanks to science and medical research, we know the etiology of Post Polio Syndrome and its different pathological manifestations. This knowledge will help persons who had Poliomyelitis to make decisions to avoid or to delay the first’s signs of Post-Polio.

      One of the Post-Polio Association Litaff A.C. goals is to provide information on preventive medicine through medical articles available by free downloads, organization of conferences and seminars,meditation specialized workshops and access to an excellent Cromotherapy treatment for Post-Polio Syndrome and Fibromyalgia, access to nutrition programs, etc.

      One of the multiple goals of our association is to help people suffering from Poliomyelitis sequels, Chronic Fatigue or Fibromyalgia

      to modify or to improve their life quality.

      We base our advice on the experience of specialists and their medical recommendations. One really important goal always present in our minds is to help and support the family and friends of those who suffer from Post-Polio Syndrome, Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue, because they represent a fundamental support for them. We are able to provide them with reliable information and psychological help.

      We are concerned about the architectonic barriers in our cities and we’re working every day to improve and make the movements of any person with a motor incapacity easier. In this regard, we do have a good support from our authorities and from the society. Likewise, we offer some good job opportunities with flexible schedules, so every person has a chance to adapt.

      We invite every poliomyelitis survivor, every person suffering from Fibromyalgia and/or Chronic Fatigue to join this association through this page, so we can share our experiences and we can also be able to extend the network of families and friends of Post-Polio Litaff A.C. through its chat room, its discussion forum and its conferences. We invite you too, of course, to benefit of all the advantages we offer.

      We do consider that this Website could be a valuable media for spreading all the information gathered on Post-Polio Syndrome and, of course, an excellent way of knowing each person affected and helping each other.

      This could be done in different ways: direct economical contribution, professional medical attention, or even by donations of wheel chairs, crutches, scooters, and any aid you could think of.

      Any doctor who wishes to join us to help our members, any volunteer who wants to help in the activities that Post Polio Litaff A.C. Organizes every day is absolutely welcome.

      Of course, we’re aware of the fact that our goals represent an incredible task. However, we do have great enthusiasm and spirit of solidarity that we are putting at the service of this noble cause, inspired by The Supreme Power that makes it All Possible.

      As a Post-Polio survivor, I send this message to all those who suffered from Poliomyelitis. I really want to tell you that you are not alone, we’re numerous persons suffering from this Syndrome and, in the same way we fought the Poliomyelitis in our childhood, we’re going to get together and fight together the battle against this still unknown Syndrome. Together, we will force the world to know about it.

      In case you’re already a Post-Polio Syndrome victim, the Post-Polio Association Litaff A.C. is here, so that together we can join ours forces and enthusiasm to get the necessary support.

      You are all welcome to become part of the association.

      “From this day, let’s try to live one day at a time without forcing ourselves to do more than our body is able to” and let’s live with a positive attitude facing forward this event that we can’t modify now. That’s why accepting it with a positive attitude will help any person suffering from it.

      “The Disability Only Defines ONE Difference”

      E.Liliana Marasco Garrido

      President and Founder

      Post-Polio Survivor in Mexico Web Page

      Mail

      Personal Website


      History of Polio


      History of polio

      In the early 20th century, polio was one of the most feared diseases in industrialized countries, paralysing thousands of children every year. Soon after the introduction of effective vaccines in the 1950s and 1960s however, polio was brought under control and practically eliminated as a public health problem in these countries.

      It took somewhat longer for polio to be recognized as a major problem in developing countries. Lameness surveys during the 1970s revealed that the disease was also prevalent in developing countries. As a result, during the 1970s routine immunization was introduced worldwide as part of national immunization programmes, helping to control the disease in many developing countries.

      In 1988, when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative began, polio paralysed more than 1000 children worldwide every day. Since then, 2.5 billion children have been immunized against polio thanks to the cooperation of more than 200 countries and 20 million volunteers, backed by an international investment of more than US$ 8 billion.

      Today, polio has been eliminated from most of the world and only four countries remain endemic. In 2009, fewer than 2000 cases were reported for the entire year.

      Use this interactive timeline to trace the history of polio from 1580 B.C. to the present.

      1580–1350 BC

      An Egyptian stele portrays a priest with a withered leg, suggesting that polio has existed for thousands of years.



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